What type of bonds do thio permanent waves break and reform with thio neutralizers?

Thio permanent waves are chemical processes used in hair styling to create curls or waves, specifically utilizing thioglycolic acid and its derivatives. The key to understanding how thio waves work lies in the type of bonds they target.

Disulfide bonds are the primary type of bond that is altered during the process of permanent waving. These bonds occur between the sulfur atoms in the amino acids that make up the hair's keratin structure. When thio permanent waving solution is applied, the disulfide bonds break due to the reducing action of the thioglycolate. This allows the hair to be reshaped into the desired curl or wave configuration.

After the hair is set in the new shape, a thio neutralizer is used. The neutralizer contains an oxidizing agent, which re-forms the broken disulfide bonds, creating new structural bonds in the hair that hold the new shape. This reformation of bonds is crucial for the longevity of the waves or curls created.

Other types of bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds, are less significant in this specific chemical process. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weaker than disulfide bonds and are not permanent; they can be easily broken with moisture and heat. Covalent bonds